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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 75(8): 580-588, Aug. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888309

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The polyspecific antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis (MS) gained diagnostic relevance with the frequent combination of measles-, rubella- and varicella zoster antibodies (MRZ-antibody reaction) but their pathophysiological role remains unknown. This review connects the data for intrathecal polyspecific antibody synthesis in MS and neurolupus with observations in the blood of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Simultaneously increased antibody and autoantibody titers in GBS blood samples indicate that the polyspecific antibodies are based on a general property of an immune network, supported by the deterministic day-to-day concentration variation of antibodies in normal blood. Strongly correlated measles- and rubella- antibody variations point to a particular connectivity between the MRZ antibodies. The immune network, which provides serological memory in the absence of an antigen, implements the continuous change of the MRZ pattern in blood, not followed by the earlier immigrated B cells without corresponding connectivity in the brain. This may explain the different antibody patterns in cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor and blood of the individual MS patient. A complexity approach must implement a different view on causation in chronic diseases and causal therapies.


RESUMO A síntese de anticorpos poliespecíficos em esclerose múltipla (EM) ganhou relevância diagnóstica com a combinação frequente de anticorpos contra sarampo, rubéola e varicela-zoster (reação de anticorpos MRZ), mas seu papel fisiopatológico permanece desconhecido. Esta revisão relaciona os dados da síntese intratecal de anticorpos poliespecíficos em EM e Neurolupus com observações no sangue de pacientes com síndrome de Guillain Barré (SGB). Simultaneamente, os títulos aumentados de anticorpos e autoanticorpos em amostras de sangue de SGB indicam que os anticorpos poliespecíficos se baseiam numa propriedade geral de uma rede imunitária, suportada pela variação determinística da concentração diária de anticorpos no sangue normal. As variações fortemente correlacionadas de anticorpos contra sarampo e rubéola apontam para uma conectividade particular entre os anticorpos MRZ. A rede imunitária, que fornece memória sorológica na ausência de um antígeno, implementa a mudança contínua do padrão MRZ no sangue, não seguida pelas células B que imigraram anteriormente sem conectividade no cérebro. Isto pode explicar os diferentes padrões de anticorpos no LCR, humor aquoso e sangue do paciente individual de EM. Uma abordagem complexa deve implementar uma visão diferente sobre a causalidade em doenças crônicas e terapias causais.


Subject(s)
Humans , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Antibody Specificity/immunology , Rubella/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry , Herpes Zoster/immunology , Measles/immunology , Antibodies, Bacterial , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Mumps/immunology , Antigens, Viral/immunology
4.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 20(1): 85-94, jan. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-733143

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo propõe-se a identificar a prevalência do acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais entre escolares da rede pública de ensino, assim como os fatores associados a este acesso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico conduzido entre escolares de 12 anos de idade de um município brasileiro de grande porte populacional. Os exames foram realizados por 24 cirurgiões-dentistas treinados e calibrados com auxilio de 24 anotadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 36 escolas sorteadas das 89 escolas públicas do município. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas, univariadas e múltiplas. Dos 2510 escolares incluídos no estudo, 2211 relataram já ter recebido informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais. O acesso a tais informações foi maior entre os que utilizaram serviços odontológicos privado/convênio; e menor entre aqueles que utilizaram o serviço para tratamento, os que avaliaram o serviço como regular ou ruim/péssimo, os que utilizam como meio de higiene bucal somente escova dente/escova dente e higienização a língua e os que relataram não estarem satisfeitos com a aparência de seus dentes. Conclui-se que a maioria dos escolares teve acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais, o qual esteve associado a características dos serviços de saúde, comportamentos e desfechos de saúde.


The scope of this study is to identify the prevalence of access to information about how to prevent oral problems among schoolchildren in the public school network, as well as the factors associated with such access. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian municipality with a large population. The examinations were performed by 24 trained dentists and calibrated with the aid of 24 recorders. Data collection occurred in 36 public schools selected from the 89 public schools of the city. Descriptive, univariate and multiple analyses were conducted. Of the 2510 schoolchildren included in the study, 2211 reported having received information about how to prevent oral problems. Access to such information was greater among those who used private dental services; and lower among those who used the service for treatment, who evaluated the service as regular or bad/awful. The latter use toothbrush only or toothbrush and tongue scrubbing as a means of oral hygiene and who reported not being satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. The conclusion drawn is that the majority of schoolchildren had access to information about how to prevent oral problems, though access was associated with the characteristics of health services, health behavior and outcomes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Autoimmunity/immunology , Mast Cells/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Self Tolerance , T-Lymphocytes/immunology
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(12): 960-965, 02/12/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-731039

ABSTRACT

Natalizumab is currently one of the best options for treatment of patients with Multiple Sclerosis who have failed traditional prior therapies. However, prolonged use, prior immunosuppressive therapy and anti-JCV antibody status have been associated with increased risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The evaluation of these conditions has been used to estimate risks of PML in these patients, and distinct (sometimes extreme) approaches are used to avoid the PML onset. At this time, the biggest issue facing the use of Natalizumab is how to get a balance between the risks and the benefits of the treatment. Hence, strategies for monitor JCV-positive patients undergoing Natalizumab treatment are deeply necessary. To illustrate it, we monitored JCV/DNA in blood and urine of a patient receiving Natalizumab for 12 months. We also bring to discussion the effectiveness of the current methods used for risk evaluation, and the real implications of viral reactivation.


Natalizumabe é atualmente uma das melhores opções para o tratamento de pacientes com Esclerose Múltipla que não respondem aos tratamentos tradicionais. No entanto, o seu uso prolongado, o uso de terapia imunossupressora prévia e o status sorológico antivírus JC têm sido associados com o risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva (LEMP). A avaliação destas condições tem sido utilizada para estimar os riscos do desenvolvimento de LEMP nestes pacientes, e abordagens distintas (por vezes extremas) são empregadas para evitar o aparecimento dessa patologia. Atualmente, o grande desafio está em obter um equilíbrio entre os riscos e os benefícios do tratamento com Natalizumabe. Assim, é crucial desenvolver estratégias para monitorar pacientes portadores do vírus JC sob tratamento com Natalizumabe. A título de ilustração, pesquisamos o vírus no sangue e na urina de um paciente sob tratamento durante 12 meses. Também discutimos a eficácia dos métodos atualmente utilizados para avaliação de riscos e as implicações reais de reativação viral.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , JC Virus/immunology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , DNA, Viral , JC Virus/genetics , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/immunology , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Viral Load
7.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 74(5): 404-410, oct. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734409

ABSTRACT

La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad inflamatoria desmielinizante que afecta el sistema nervioso central y que es considerada una de las principales causas de discapacidad en jóvenes adultos. Las causas de la esclerosis múltiple son aún desconocidas, aunque se cree que una combinación de factores genéticos y ambientales resulta en una respuesta autoinmune que promueve la degeneración neuronal/axonal. En esta revisión se analiza la asociación entre la respuesta inmune y la neurodegeneración en la esclerosis múltiple.


Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system and considered one of the leading causes of disability in young adults. The precise cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown, although the current evidence points towards a combination of genetic and environmental factors leading to an autoimmune response that promotes neuronal degeneration. In this review, we will describe the association between the immune response and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Immunity, Cellular/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Nerve Degeneration/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Inflammation/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Myelin Sheath/immunology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology , Neuroglia/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology
8.
Experimental & Molecular Medicine ; : e82-2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-161401

ABSTRACT

To date, efforts to treat autoimmune diseases have primarily focused on the disease symptoms rather than on the cause of the disease. In large part, this is attributed to not knowing the responsible auto-antigens (auto-Ags) for driving the self-reactivity coupled with the poor success of treating autoimmune diseases using oral tolerance methods. Nonetheless, if tolerogenic approaches or methods that stimulate regulatory T (Treg) cells can be devised, these could subdue autoimmune diseases. To forward such efforts, our approach with colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae is to establish bystander immunity to ultimately drive the development of auto-Ag-specific Treg cells. Using an attenuated Salmonella vaccine expressing CFA/I fimbriae, fimbriae-specific Treg cells were induced without compromising the vaccine's capacity to protect against travelers' diarrhea or salmonellosis. By adapting the vaccine's anti-inflammatory properties, it was found that it could also dampen experimental inflammatory diseases resembling multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis. Because of this bystander effect, disease-specific Treg cells are eventually induced to resolve disease. Interestingly, this same vaccine could elicit the required Treg cell subset for each disease. For MS-like disease, conventional CD25+ Treg cells are stimulated, but for arthritis CD39+ Treg cells are induced instead. This review article will examine the potential of treating autoimmune diseases without having previous knowledge of the auto-Ag using an innocuous antigen to stimulate Treg cells via the production of transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Autoantigens/immunology , Fimbriae Proteins/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Salmonella/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Vaccination
9.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 17(2): 156-163, Mar.-Apr. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-673193

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Epstein-Barr virus has been recently associated with the onset of multiple sclerosis, yet understanding how it elicits autoimmunity remains elusive. We investigated the relation between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and disease development in different subtypes of multiple sclerosis. METHODS: In the present research, we have determined the Epstein-Barr virus-DNA load by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels by EIA technique in both multiple sclerosis patients (n = 78) and healthy controls (n = 123). RESULTS: Our results demonstrated increased titer of both anti-Epstein-Barr virus-IgG and IgM antibodies in patients (91.02% vs 82.11% in controls, p < 0.001 and 14.1% vs 4.06% in controls, p < 0.001, respectively). Overall, Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was found in 68.75% of subtypes of multiple sclerosis, 4.54% of multiple sclerosis primary subtype, and in only 3.25% of healthy control subjects. Moreover, in samples of patients with disease relapse (exacerbation) cell free viral DNA was elevated in contrast to other patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide further support for the detrimental effects of Epstein- Barr virus in the reactivation of multiple sclerosis attacks.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , /immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/virology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Case-Control Studies , DNA, Viral/analysis , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Iran , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Multiple Sclerosis/classification , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
10.
IJI-Iranian Journal of Immunology. 2013; 10 (1): 47-54
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-142677

ABSTRACT

Effector CD4[+] T cell subsets play an important role in Multiple Sclerosis [MS]. Interleukin-27 [IL-27] suppresses Th [Th1, Th2 and Th17] cells and dampens autoimmunity and tissue inflammation by promoting the generation of Type 1 regulatory T cells [Tr1]. To identify the relative levels of IL-27 and IL-17A in MS disease. In a case-control study, venous blood was collected from forty MS patients and forty-three healthy subjects as control group. Serum levels of IL-27 and IL- 17A were measured by ELISA method. A significant difference between serum IL-17A concentration in patients [120.68 +/- 209.85 pg/ml] and control group [67.26 +/- 117.76 pg/ml, p=0.016] was found. Serum IL-27 levels of the MS patients [159.7 +/- 581.4 pg/ml] were significantly lower than control subjects [180.35 +/- 507.84 pg/ml, p=0.001]. Our findings show decreased levels of IL-27 against increasing IL-17A levels in patients group which may suggest the suppressive role of IL-27 on inflammatory process of MS


Subject(s)
Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Interleukin-27/blood , Autoimmune Diseases , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Case-Control Studies
11.
Rev. bras. neurol ; 48(4): 7-13, out.-dez. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-666934

ABSTRACT

Após a dissecção de cérebro de uma paciente em 1868, Charcot definiu uma evidência histopatológica mais assertiva para a esclerose múltipla (EM): "sclerose en plaque". Entretanto, mais de um século depois, poucos estudos examinando o substrato patológico específico de fenótipos clínicos diferentes da EM são encontrados na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo é uma revisão da literatura sobre achados post-mortem (autopsia, exame histopatológico e técnicas imuno-histoquímicas) em pacientes com EM. Utilizando os termos "autopsy", "necropsy", "pathology", "post-mortem" e "multiple sclerosis", a pesquisa foi desenvolvida sobre a literatura e recursos presentes no MEDLINE no período janeiro 1990 a agosto 2012. Artigos relevantes baseados em análise macro/microscópica das lesões da EM e o uso de técnicas imuno-histoquímicas (marcadores imunológicos e neurobiológicos) foram revistos. Tratados de patologia cirúrgica e neuropatologia em suas últimas edições foram também consultados. Além dos estudos no início dos anos 2000 que identificaram padrões diferentes de desmielinização em casos de autópsia, considerando a perda de mielina, a geografia e extensão das lesões, a destruição dos oligodendrócitos e a evidência do dano imunopatológico, estudos mais detalhados e baseados em aspectos anatomopatológicos e implicações patogênicas são raros. A maioria destes poucos e específicos estudos reportam que as lesões da EM tipicamente aparecem na substância branca, mas são também abundantes na substância cinza, heterogeneidade de lesões inter-paciente e homogeneidade intra-paciente, graus diferentes para perda de mielina e estágios de atividade, foco de atividade inflamatória que origina gliose fibrilar, distrofia de oligodendrócitos e densidade axonal central diminuída. Desmielinização é um importante indicador de progressão clínica e a remielinização pode ser incompleta ou decresce com a cronicidade da doença. A importância das lesões na substância branca de aparência normal e na substância cinzenta tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida em recentes estudos com técnicas imuno-histoquímicas. Não há ainda um consenso se as diferenças entre as formas clínicas são fundamentalmente quantitativas ou qualitativas em relação ao substrato patológico e mais estudos sobre autopsias utilizando exame histopatológico e técnicas modernas de imuno-histoquímica são necessários para dirimir esta questão. Um melhor entendimento sobre a heterogeneidade das lesões da esclerose múltipla proporcionará o desenvolvimento de métodos terapêuticos mais direcionados e eficazes.


After dissection of a female brain in 1868, Charcot outlined a more assertive histopathological evidence of Multiple Sclerosis: "sclerose en plaque". However, more than a century later, very few studies examining the specific underlying pathology of a defined MS clinical phenotype are found in literature. The purpose of this study is to provide a literature review of post-mortem findings (histopathology and immunohistochemical techniques) in MS patients. The literature in MEDLINE was searched from January 1990 to August 2012 using the terms "autopsy", "necropsy", "pathology", "postmortem" and "multiple sclerosis". Relevant papers based on macroscopic/microscopic analysis of the MS lesions and the use of broad spectrum of immunological and neurobiological markers (immunohistochemistry) were reviewed. Textbooks of Surgical Pathology and Neuropathology in latest editions were also consulted.Besides the studies in the early 2000s that identified different patterns of demyelination in autopsy cases, consider the myelin impairment, the geography and extension of lesions, the oligodendrocyte destruction and the evidence of immunopathological damage, more detailed studies based on anatomopathological aspects and pathogenic implications are rare. Most of these few specific studies reported that MS lesions typically appear in the white matter, but are also abundant in grey matter, inter-patient lesions heterogeneity with intra-patient homogeneity, different degree of myelin loss and stage of activity, focus of inflammatory activity that gives way to fibrillary gliosis, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and decreased central axonal density. Demyelination is an important pathological correlate of clinical progression and remyelination could be incomplete or decreases with disease chronicity. The importance of healthy-appearing white matter damage and grey matter demyelination has been increasingly recognized in recent studies using immunohistochemical techniques. There is still no consensus on whether the differences between the clinical forms of MS are fundamentally quantitative or qualitative in relation to the pathological substrate, and more detailed studies with data on autopsies is required to resolve this issue. A better understanding of the pathogenetic heterogeneity of MS lesions will lead the development of more effective treatment methods.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Inflammation/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Biomarkers , Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS
12.
MedUNAB ; 14(3): 167-179, dic. 2011-mar. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-674993

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión acerca de la esclerosis múltiple en pacientes pediátricos, haciendo énfasis en los factores fisiopatológicos, los métodos diagnósticos, los principales diagnósticos diferenciales, el tratamiento y el pronóstico, para, de esta forma, lograr suministrar conocimientos claves y actualizados sobre esta patología. Métodos: La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed y Scopus, introduciendo las palabras clave “multiple sclerosis”, “children”, “pediatric multiple sclerosis”, “pathophysiology”, “diagnosis”, “diagnostic criteria” y “treatment”. Los artículos seleccionados debían tener fecha de publicación posterior al año 2000, ser revisiones de tema o ensayos clínicos y estar publicados en los idiomas inglés o español. Resultados y Conclusiones: La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad con una tasa de incidencia de 2 a 4 por 100.000 habitantes en Colombia, de la cual la población pediátrica representa entre 2,7 a 5.0% de los casos. Las causas que se han atribuido a la enfermedad son múltiples, incluyendo factores ambientales como infecciones virales o bacterianas, exposición a humo de cigarrillo o deficiencia de vitamina D, entre otras, factores genéticos y factores inmunológicos. Su diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos, previa exclusión de enfermedades más comunes. Su tratamiento se divide en tres ejes: el tratamiento de eventos agudos, el tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad y el tratamiento sintomático. Para el primero los medicamentos de primera elección son los corticoides, para el segundo son los medicamentos inmunomoduladores como acetato de glatiramer, y para el tercero se debe realizar un enfoque multidisciplinario. Su pronóstico a largo plazo es variable y depende en alguna medida de la respuesta al tratamiento.


Objective: Review about Multiple Sclerosis in pediatric patients, emphasizing in pathophysiological factors, di agnos t i c met hods , mai n di f f er ent i al di agnos i s ,t r eat ment , and pr ognosi s, t hus pr ovi di ng cur r entknowledge about this pathology. Methods: Search of articles was made in PubMed and Scopus databases with key words “multiple sclerosis”, “children”, “pediatric mul t i pl e scl er osi s” , “ pat hophysi ol ogy” , “ di agnosi s” ,“diagnostic criteria”, and “treatment”. Selected articles must have a publication date after 2000, reviews or clinical trials, and have been published in English or Spanish languages. Results and Conclusions: Multiple sclerosis is a disease with an incidence of 2 to 4 per 100,000 habitants in Colombia, and pediatric population represents 2.7 to 5% of the cases. Multiple causes had been related to the disease, including environmental factors, such as viral or bacterial infections, tobacco smoke exposure or Vitamin D deficiency, among others; genetic and immunologic causes are exposed too. Diagnosis is based in clinical and imaging features, excluding previously other morecommon diseases. Management is divided in three axes: treatment of acute event, disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic therapy. The treatment of acute events is usually with corticoid therapy, for disease-modifying therapy the first election are immunomodulatory drugs, such as Glatiramer Acetate and for symptomatic therapy is necessary a mul t i di sci pl i nary approach. Long-termprognosis is variable and depends of treatment response. [Farfán JD, Espitia OM. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. MedUNAB 2011; 14:167-179].


Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis , Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS , Multiple Sclerosis , Pediatrics , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology , Multiple Sclerosis/etiology , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/mortality , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
13.
Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2012; 32 (2): 127-130
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-118090

ABSTRACT

Immune system-related factors are important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis [MS]. Interleukin 4 [IL-4] as a helper T cell [2TH] cytokine is involved in the regulation of immune responses. Hence, this study was designed to explore the association between MS and polymorphisms in the -590 region of IL-4. A descriptive study at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsnajan from September 2009 to August 2010. Blood samples were collected from 100 MS patients and 150 healthy controls on EDTA precoated tubes. DNA was extracted and analyzed for IL-4 polymorphisms using restricted fragment length polymorphism in patients and controls. Demographic data were also collected by a questionnaire that was designed specifically for this study. We observed a significant difference in the C/C, T/C, and T/T genotypes of the -590 region of IL-4 between patients with MS and healthy controls [P<.001]. We conclude that functional polymorphisms of IL-4 possibly play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Male , Female , Polymorphism, Genetic , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
14.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 69(3): 536-543, June 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-592517

ABSTRACT

Interferon beta (IFNβ) and glatiramer acetate (GA) were the first immunomodulators approved to the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinically isolated syndromes. Despite the enlargement of the therapeutic armamentarium, IFNβ and GA remain the most widely drugs and the therapeutic mainstay of MS. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanisms of action of IFNβ and GA and main clinical results in MS. RESULTS: IFNβ modulates T and B-cell activity and has effects on the blood-brain barrier. The well proved mechanism of GA is an immune deviation by inducing expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Some authors favor the neuroprotective role of both molecules. Clinical trials showed a 30 percent reduction on the annualized relapse rate and of T2 lesions on magnetic resonance. CONCLUSION: Although the precise mechanisms how IFNβ and GA achieve their therapeutics effects remain unclear, these drugs have recognized beneficial effects and possess good safety and tolerability profiles. The large clinical experience in treating MS patients with these drugs along almost two decades deserves to be emphasized, at a time where the appearance of drugs with more selective mechanisms of action, but potentially less safer, pave the way to a better selection of the most appropriate individualized treatment.


O interferão beta (IFNβ) e o acetato de glatirâmero (GA) foram os primeiros imunomoduladores aprovados para o tratamento da esclerose múltipla (EM) surto-remissão e doentes com síndromes clinicamente isoladas. Apesar do alargamento do armamentário terapêutico, o IFNβ e o GA continuam a ser os medicamentos mais usados na EM. OBJETIVO: Rever os mecanismos de acção do IFNβ e do GA e os principais resultados na clínica. RESULTADOS: O IFNβ modula a actividade das células T e B e tem efeitos sobre a barreira hemato-encefálica. O mecanismo melhor comprovado do GA é o desvio imune através da indução da expressão de citocinas. Alguns autores favorecem ainda um papel neuroprotetor para ambos. Os ensaios clínicos mostraram diminuição da taxa anualizada de surtos de 30 por cento e das lesões em T2 na ressonância magnética. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os mecanismos pelos quais o IFNβ e o GA atingem os seus efeitos terapêuticos continuem a ser pouco claros, estes fármacos possuem efeitos benéficos reconhecidos e bons perfis de segurança e tolerabilidade. A grande experiência clínica no tratamento da EM com estes fármacos ao longo de quase duas décadas merece ser destacada, numa altura em que o aparecimento de novos fármacos com mecanismos de acção mais seletivos, mas potencialmente menos seguros, possibilitarão melhor seleção e individualização do tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Immunomodulation/immunology , Interferon-beta/therapeutic use , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Peptides/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
15.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 70(1): 79-86, feb. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633723

ABSTRACT

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria autoinmune desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central (SNC). La mayoría de las enfermedades autoinmunes se originan por la activación anormal de la respuesta inflamatoria contra auto-antígenos (la mayoría de ellos desconocidos a la fecha) como consecuencia de la pérdida de la tolerancia periférica. Las células T-regulatorias constituyen un grupo esencial de linfocitos T encargados del mantenimiento de la tolerancia periférica, la prevención de enfermedades autoinmunes y la limitación de enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la tolerancia periférica, las células T-regulatorias serían componentes cruciales en el escenario fisiopatológico de los procesos autoinmunes, incluyendo la EM. El presente trabajo recopila los conocimientos actuales sobre la función de las células T-regulatorias en la EM, la enfermedad autoinmune desmielinizante del SNC más prevalente en los seres humanos.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Most of autoimmune diseases arise by an abnormal activation of the inflammatory response against self-antigens (most of them unknown up to date) as a consequence of dysfunction in peripheral tolerance. Regulatory T-cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory conditions. Based on that knowledge, T-regulatory cells have emerged as a key component of the physiopathology of autoimmune diseases including MS. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role and function of T-regulatory cells in MS, the most prevalent CNS autoimmune disease in humans.


Subject(s)
Humans , Immune Tolerance/physiology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Autoantigens/physiology , Cytokines/physiology , Forkhead Transcription Factors/physiology , Inflammation/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/classification , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
18.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 63(2b)jun. 2005. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-404607

ABSTRACT

Analisamos a frequência de bandas oligoclonais (BOC) restritas ao líquido céfalo-raquidiano (LCR) em doentes portugueses com esclerose múltipla (EM) e sua relação com a clínica. Determinaram-se por focagem isoeléctrica e imunodetecção as BOC da IgG em pares de amostras LCR/soro de 406 doentes com diversas patologias neurológicas: 92 tinham EM definitiva; os casos "não-EM" agruparam-se em doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas (ID; n=141) e outras/controles (OD; n=173). O grupo EM apresentava duração média: 38,9 meses; síndromes clinicamente isolados (CIS), 24%; formas surto/remissão (RR), 65%, nas quais se encontrou EDSS e índice de progressão médios de 2,1 e 0,31, respectivamente. O perfil positivo predominava significativamente na EM (82,6%; ID, 40,4%; OD, 3,5%), cuja sensibilidade e especificidade neste diagnóstico foi 82% e 79,9%, respectivamente. A única diferença estatisticamente significativa no grupo EM foi o menor índice de progressão nos casos negativos. Em conclusão, a frequência de BOC positivas nos nossos doentes EM enquadrou-se nos valores da literatura, e a sua negatividade indicou evolução benigna.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Oligoclonal Bands/cerebrospinal fluid , Isoelectric Focusing , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Portugal
19.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 62(3A): 674-677, set. 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-364989

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos antimicrossomais (AAM), a função tireóidea e a ocorrência de sintomas relacionados ao hipotireoidismo em pacientes com esclerose multipla (EM). Em um grupo de 21 pacientes com EM, foi realizado exameclínico, foram dosados o TSH, T4 e T4 livre e pesquisados AAM. A média de idade foi 41,05 anos e a média de tempo de doença foi 85,9 meses. Os sintomas relacionados ao hipotireoidismo foram fadiga, fraqueza, letargia e parestesias. Os AAM foram encontrados em 4 pacientes (19 por cento). O tempo de doença foi dividido em três períodos: <60 meses (3 pacientes AAM+/7AAM-), 60-120 meses (8 pacientes AAM-) e >120 meses (1 paciente AAM+/2 AAM-). Dois pacientes apresentaram níveis de T4 livre diminuídos, porém com T4 e TSH normais. Em 1 paciente, constatou-se hipotireoidismo subclínico, e em outro, hipotireoidismo clássico. Conclui-se que na avaliação dos pacientes com EM, em vista da falta de precisão na avaliação clínica do hipotireoidismo ocasionada pela sobreposição de sintomas referentes à EM, devam ser incorporadas as dosagens das provas de função tireóidea (PFT) e dos AAM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Autoantibodies/blood , Hypothyroidism/immunology , Microsomes/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology , Thyroxine/blood , Thyroid Function Tests , Thyroid Gland/immunology , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis , Thyrotropin/blood
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 61(4): 968-973, Dec. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-352435

ABSTRACT

Esclerose múltipla (EM) é doença inflamatória desmielinizante do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de natureza autoimune, mediada por linfócitos Th1. A produção de autoanticorpos séricos para proteína básica da mielina (MBP), proteolipídeo PLP e sequência da glicoproteína de oligodendrócito MOG 92-106, foi determinada em 54 indivíduos saudáveis e 26 pacientes com EM expressando ou não o alelo de suscetibilidade HLA-DQB1*0602. Independentemente da expressão do alelo DQB1*0602, todos os pacientes apresentaram produção marcante (p< 0,0001) de autoanticorpos isotipo IgG para MBP e MOG 92-106, e do isotipo IgA para PLP e MOG 92-106. Os resultados sugerem que outros alelos HLA da classe II exerçam influência na suscetibilidade à EM e no reconhecimento imunológico dos antígenos encefalitogênicos, determinando o padrão de resposta autoimune e contribuindo na manutenção e/ou controle da inflamação no SNC


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Autoantibodies/blood , HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics , Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis , Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis , Myelin Basic Protein , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Alleles , Case-Control Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology , Immunoglobulin A/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood
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